Table I. Maximum pesticide incidence in apiary samples of wax, pollen, bee and honey.
Total pesticidea CLASSb Maximum detection in ppb (ref.)c
Wax Pollen Bee Honey
Acephate S OP n.d. 163 n.d. 52
Acetamiprid S NEO n.d. 134 n.d. n.d.
Acrinathrin PYR 590 (1) – – 2400 (2)
Aldicarb S CARB 693 1342 n.d. n.d.
Aldrin CYC 5 (3) – – 150 (4)
Allethrin PYR 139 11 24 n.d.
Amicarbazone HERB n.d. 98 n.d. n.d.
Amitraz FORM 46 060 1117 13780 555
Atrazine S HERB 31 49 15 81 (5)
Azinphos ethyl OP – – 94 (6) –
Azinphos methyl OP 817 (7) 643 91(6) n.d.
Azoxystrobin S FUNG 278 107 n.d. 4 (27)
Bendiocarb S CARB 22 n.d. n.d. n.d.
Bifenthrin PYR 56 13 12 3
Bitertanol S FUNG – – – 0.1 (8)
Boscalid S FUNG 388 962 33 (9) n.d.
Bromophos ethyl OP – – – 12 (10)
Bromophos methyl OP – – 1733 (6) –
Bromopropylate MITI 135 000 (11) 11 2245 (12) 245 (12)
Captan PS FUNG 400 (13) 10 000 1740 (13) 19 (14)
Carbaryl PS CARB 820 (13) 94 000 (15) 5800 (13) 42
Carbendazim S FUNG 133 149 14 27 (27)
Carbofuran S CARB 22 1400 (16) 669 (6) 645 (17)
Carfentrazone ethyl PS HERB 17 3 n.d. n.d.
Chlordane CYC 60 (13) – 690 (13) –
Chlorfenapyr PS MITI 12 1 3 n.d.
Chlorfenvinphos OP 7620 (1) 11 n.d. 0.2 (18)
Chlorothalonil FUNG 53 700 98 900 878 10 (19)
Chlorpyrifos OP 890 830 57 (6) 15 (5)
Chlorpyrifos methyl OP – – 36 (6) 0.2 (18)
Clothianidin S NEO n.d. 2.6 (20) n.d. 0.9 (20)
Coumaphos OP 94 131 5828 2777 (6) 2020 (21)
Cyfluthrin PYR 45 34 14 9 (19)
Cyhalothrin PYR 17 1672 (22) 2 0.8 (23)
Cymiazole MITI – – – 17 (24)
Cypermethrin PYR 131 1900 (15) 26 92 (5)
Cyproconazole S FUNG – 8 (15) – –
Cyprodinil S FUNG 106 344 19 n.d.
DDT-p,p" OC >40 45 7 658 (17)
Deltamethrin PYR 613 91 39 7 (23)
Dialifos OP – – – 92 (4)
Diazinon OP 4 29 350 (13) 35 (24)
p-Dichlorobenzene OC 60 000 (25) n.d. n.d. 112 (25)
Dichlofluanid FUNG – – – 11 (26)
Dichlorvos OP – – – 8 (19)
Dicloran FUNG – – – 2 (27)
Dicofol OC 21 143 4 90 (27)
Dieldrin CYC 35 n.d. 12 13 (4)
Difenoconazole S FUNG n.d. 411 (14) n.d. 0.9 (14)
Diflubenzuron IGR n.d. 128 n.d. n.d.
Dimethomorph S FUNG 133 166 56 n.d.
Dimethoate S OP – – 4864 (9) 9 (23)
Diphenamid S FUNG n.d. 1 n.d. n.d.
Diphenylamine FUNG n.d. 32 n.d. n.d.
Endosulfan CYC 800 (13) 2224 (22) 4400 (13) 24 (5)
Endrin CYC – – – 7 (4)
Esfenvalerate PYR 56 60 9 0.7 (23)
Ethion OP 131 n.d. n.d. n.d.
Ethofumesate S HERB 560 n.d. n.d. n.d.